Digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis) in feedlot cattle / Distúrbios digestivos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) em bovinos criados em regime de confinamento

Digestive disorders in cattle are associated with the breeding system and feed provided to the animals. Abomasal compaction is primarily related to the ingestion of forage with elevated levels of lignin, low quality, and difficult digestibility. In addition, the excess of fibrous food in the diet can lead to phytobezoars that may be responsible for intestinal obstruction disorders. This study aimed to describe pathological and clinical aspects of an outbreak of digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis). The outbreak struck a herd of 499 animals raised in a feedlot system after a change in diet that included an increase in the amount of palm fiber. Forty (8.01%) animals showed clinical signs such as fattening and regurgitation during rumination, and 21 (4.2%) animals died later. The cattle affected presented with apathy, emaciation, dehydration, distended abdomen, incomplete or absent ruminal movements, and congestive mucosa. Three animals were submitted to necropsy, and distended rumen and reticulum has a large amount of brownish liquid, long and tangled vegetable fibers with sand and stones. In two animals, the omasum had many rounded structures measuring approximately 5cm in diameter, made of vegetable fiber (phytobezoars). Abomasum of animals had similar material to the rumen, and one animal had compressed content. In two animals, dilatation was observed in the small intestine, and in the opening, the total obstruction of the lumen by phytobezoar was observed. During the follow-up of the slaughter of 76 cattle, 15 (19.7%) had phytobezoars of different sizes in the omasum and abomasum. The increased amount of oil palm fiber in animal feeding favored the occurrence of compression abomasum and intestinal obstruction phytobezoa, causing significant economic losses.(AU)

Alguns distúrbios digestivos em bovinos podem estar associados ao sistema de criação e alimentação dos animais. Entre estes estão à compactação de abomaso e a obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ambas relacionadas principalmente com a ingestão de alimentos com altos níveis de lignina e, consequentemente, de difícil digestibilidade. Neste trabalho são descritos os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de distúrbios digestivos em bovinos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis). O surto acometeu um rebanho de 499 bovinos, criados em sistema de confinamento, após uma mudança na dieta que incluiu o aumento na quantidade de fibra de dendê. Após a mudança 40 animais (8,01%) apresentaram diarreia, distensão abdominal e regurgitação durante a ruminação e 21 animais (4,2%) morreram. Os bovinos examinados clinicamente apresentavam sinais de apatia, emagrecimento, desidratação, abdômen distendido, movimentos ruminais incompletos e ausentes, além de mucosas congestas. Três animais foram submetidos à necropsia e observou-se rúmen e reticulo distendidos e com grande quantidade de líquido acastanhado, fibras vegetais longas e emaranhadas e presença de areia e pedras. Em dois animais o omaso continha grande número de estruturas arredondadas medindo aproximadamente 5cm de diâmetro, constituídas de fibras vegetais (fitobezoários). No abomaso dos animais havia material semelhante ao do rúmen, sendo que um animal apresentou conteúdo compactado e um deles também tinha fitobezoários. Em dois animais foram observadas dilatação e obstrução total do lúmen do intestino delgado por fitobezoários. Durante o acompanhamento do abate de 76 bovinos, 15 (19,7%) apresentavam fitobezoários de diferentes tamanhos no abomaso e omaso. O aumento da quantidade de fibra de dendê na alimentação dos animais favoreceu a ocorrência de casos de compactação de abomaso e obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ocasionando perdas econômicas significativas.(AU)

Phytosterols Content in Vegetable Oils of Brazil: Coconut, Safflower, Linseed and Evening Primrose

Abstract In the last years phytosterols, natural components of plants, have received more attention due to association of their consumption with reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. There are several scientific studies about phytosterols in vegetable oils, but they are scarce in unconventional oils. The objective of this research was evaluating the content of phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol) in vegetable oils sold in São Paulo city, in Brazil. The analysis included cold alkaline saponification, derivatization with hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylchlorosilane reagents, and quantification by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection and internal standardization. The quality control parameters indicated that the method was suitable for analysis. Total sterols were between 272.3 mg kg-1 (coconut oil) to 6169.7 mg kg-1 (evening primrose oil). β-sitosterol was the component found in higher concentrations and evening primrose oil was the most representative in quantity of phytosterols.

Avaliação de parâmetros de qualidade do óleo de Palma BRS Manicoré / Evaluation of Palma oil BRS Manicoré quality parameters

O óleo de palma híbrido é considerado um produto rico em conteúdo insaturado e mais resistente a doenças. Objetivou-se analisar parâmetros que indicam a qualidade do óleo de Palma BRS Manicoré. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto ao índice de saponificação, índice de refração, compostos fenólicos totais, atividade antioxidante e densidade. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA). Os valores obtidos para índice de refração e índice de saponificação foram pouco inferiores ao limite estabelecido pela legislação. As amostras apresentaram-se ricas em compostos antioxidantes que são benéficos a saúde humana em sua composição. Conclui-se que o óleo UNAUE apresenta atividade antioxidante, o que torna indispensável sua utilização na dieta humana e para outros fins.

Caracterização físico-química do óleo de palma BRS Manicoré / Physical-chemical characterization of palma BRS Manicoré oil

A hibridização entre E. oleifera x E. guineensis dá origem ao óleo de palma nomeado como BRS Manicoré que possui elevado conteúdo de compostos bioativos. Objetivou-se avaliar os aspectos físico-químicos do óleo de palma BRS Manicoré avaliando quatro amostras de óleo hibrido quanto aos aspectos físico-químicos por meio das análises de índice de acidez titulável, acidez em ácido oléico, atividade de água, teores de umidade e cinzas e análise de cor, os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA). As amostras analisadas apresentaram valores de índice de acidez de acordo com o estabelecido pela legislação, já os valores de acidez por ácido oléico foram maiores em relação ao reportado na legislação para o óleo de palma africano. Foi possível concluir que o óleo de palma demonstrou boa qualidade quanto a sua composição e aos benefícios à saúde humana.

6 weeks consumption of pure fresh coconut milk caused up-regulation of eNOS and CSE protein expression in middle-aged male rats

Coconut milk (CCM) has been an important cooking ingredient in the Asia-Pacific region since ancient time. Due to its high content of saturated fatty acids, it has been considered atherogenic. We have tested if chronic consumption of fresh coconut milk by middle-aged male rat affects vascular function, plasma glucose and lipid profiles. Compared to control, CCM caused lower maximal contraction to phenylephrine of thoracic aortic rings and increased relaxation to acetylcholine that was abolished by N G-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA) or disruption of the endothelium. DL-propargylglycine caused slight increase in baseline tension of L-NA treated aortic rings of CCM-treated rats and produced higher contractile response of the aortic rings to low concentrations of phenylephrine. The aortic eNOS- and cystathionine-γ-lyase(CSE) proteins expression of the CCM-treated rats were also higher than in controls. Except for lower fasting plasma glucose there were no changes in blood chemistry for the CCM treated rats. CCM consumption caused up-regulation of eNOS and CSE protein expression which resulted in increased production of NO and H2S from the blood vessels with attenuation of vasocontraction to phenylephrine and increased relaxation to acetylcholine. These novel benefits may be expected to reduce the development of cardiovascular risk factors in the aging rat

Determinación de esteroles en la fracción insaponificable del aceite de los frutos de la palma real cubana (Roystonea regia) / Determination of sterols determination in unsaponifiable fraction from Cuban royal palm (Roystonea regia) fruit oil

Introducción: los esteroles han sido ampliamente estudiados por su importancia nutricional y farmacéutica. Sin embargo, para nuestro conocimiento, la composición de esteroles del aceite de los frutos de la palma real cubana (Roystonea regia) no ha sido determinada hasta el momento. Objetivos: determinar la composición de esteroles que pudieran estar presentes en la fracción insaponificable del aceite de R. regia mediante CG-EM. Métodos: muestras de dos lotes de aceite de R. regia fueron sometidas al procedimiento para la determinación de esteroles establecido por el del Instituto de Nutracéuticos de los EE.UU., el cual consiste, fundamentalmente, en una saponificación con disolución de KOH/EtOH y posterior extracción con n-hexano de las fracciones insaponificables. Las fracciones obtenidas fueron analizadas por CG-EM como derivados TMS e identificadas por comparación de sus espectros con los de patrones comerciales y los de la base de espectros Wiley. Para la cuantificación se utilizó el colestano como patrón interno. Resultados: en la fracción insaponificable del aceite de R. regia se encontró un contenido total de esteroles de 66,1por ciento; lo que representa un 0,14 por ciento del aceite. La fracción de esteroles, estuvo compuesta principalmente por â -sitosterol (51,2 por ciento), estigmasterol (9,6 porciento), campesterol (9,2 por ciento), 24-metilen-cicloartanol (9,2 porciento), Ã5-avenasterol (8,9 por ciento), cicloartanol (7,5 por ciento); además de otros componentes minoritarios como cicloartenol, ã-sitosterol y colesterol. Conclusiones: se identificaron y se cuantificaron mediante CG-EM los esteroles de la fracción insaponificable del aceite de R. regia, en la cual el â-sitosterol resultó el componente mayoritario. Estos resultados son una contribución al estudio de la composición química de dicho aceite y pudieran avalar su posible utilidad nutricional y seguridad

Introduction: sterols have been widely studied because of their pharmaceutical and nutritional importance. However, to our knowledge, the sterol composition of the oil from the Cuban Royal Palm fruits (Roystonea regia (Kunth) F. Cook), has not been yet identified Objectives: to determine by GC-MS the sterols that could be present in the unsaponifiable fraction of R. regia oil. Methods: samples of two batches of R. regia oil were subjected to the established procedure of the US Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement to determine sterols, which mainly consists of saponification with KOH/EtOH solution and a subsequent extraction of the unsaponifiable fractions by using n-hexane. These fractions were analyzed by GC-MS as TMS derivatives and they were identified by comparing their spectra with those of commercial available standards and with spectra of the Wiley mass spectrum library. Quantification was made by using cholestane as internal standard. Results: a total sterol content of 66.1percent was found in the unsaponifiable fraction of R. regia oil, which represents 0.14 percent from the oil. The sterol fraction was mainly composed of â-sitosterol (51.2 percent), stigmasterol (9.6 percent), campesterol (9.2 percent), 24-methylen-cycloartanol (9.2 percent), Ã5-avenasterol (8.9 percent) and cycloartanol (7.5 percent) in addition to other minor components such as cycloartenol, ?-sitosterol, and cholesterol. Conclusions: sterol compounds were identified and quantified by GC-MS in the unsaponifiable fraction of R. regia oil, in which the â-sitosterol was the predominant component. These results are a contribution to the chemical composition study of such oil and could support its possible nutritional usefulness and safety

Comparación de los efectos del D-004, imipramina y sertralina en el modelo de nado forzado en ratones / Comparative effects of D-004, Imipramine and Sertraline in the forced swimming test in mice

Introducción: La finasterida, inhibidor de la 5 a-reductasa, se emplea en el tratamiento de la hiperplasia prostática benigna, y ocasiona entre sus efectos adversos un aumento de cuadros de depresión. El D-004 es un extracto lipídico extraído a partir del fruto de la palma real (Roystonea regia), inhibe la 5 a-reductasa y previene la hiperplasia prostática benigna, y muestra un efecto antidepresivo moderado en el ensayo de nado forzado y suspensión por la cola. Objetivo: comparar el efecto del D-004 con la imipramina y la sertralina sobre la duración de las conductas de inmovilidad, nado y escalado en el ensayo de nado forzado. Métodos: se distribuyeron los ratones en ocho grupos: control (vehículo), tres tratados con D-004 (100, 250 y 500 mg/kg), dos con sertralina y dos con imipramina (30 y 50 mg/kg) respectivamente. Estos se colocaron en un cilindro de cristal que contenía agua a una altura de 6 cm y se cuantificaron las conductas. Resultados: la administración oral de D-004 (100, 250 y 500 mg/kg) durante 14 días redujo significativamente el tiempo de inmovilidad con respecto al grupo control (17, 22 y 25 porciento) y aumentó significativamente la conducta de nado en 1,58, 1,68 y 1,74 veces. Este efecto resulta moderado (25 porciento) comparado con las reducciones alcanzadas por la sertralina y la imipramina (³ 60 porciento). Las dosis mayores (250 y 500 mg/kg) ocasionaron incrementos de la conducta de escalado, 2,79 y 3,55 veces superiores a la del grupo control, lo que mostró semejanza con la imipramina, aunque con una menor eficacia. Conclusiones: el D-004 ejerce un moderado efecto antidepresivo, lo que pudiera contribuir al manejo de los pacientes con hiperplasia prostática benigna en los cuales se informa coincidencia de cuadros depresivos

Introduction: Finasteride is a 5 a-reductase inhibitor to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and one of the adverse effects is the increase of depressive symptoms. D-004 is a lipid extract from the real palm fruit (Roystonea regia) that is effective to prevent prostatic hyperplasia by inhibiting 5 a-reductase and shows moderate antidepressant effects in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test. Objective: to compare the effects of D-004, Imipramine and Sertraline on the duration of behaviours under conditions of immobility, swimming and climbing in the forced swimming test. Methods: mice were randomly distributed in 8 groups: control (vehicle), 3 treated with D-004 (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg), 2 with Sertraline and 2 with Imipramine (30 and 50 mg/kg) respectively. Mice were placed in a glass cylinder containing 6 cm high column of water and their behaviours were quantified. Results: oral administration of D-004 (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) during 14 days reduced the length of time of immobility with respect to the control group (17, 22 and 25 percent), and significantly increased the behaviours at swimming by 1.58, 1.68 and 1.74 times. This is a moderate effect (25 percento) if compared with Sertraline and Imipramine (³ 60 percent) The doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg showed that climbing behaviours were 2.79 and 3.55 times higher than the control group. The results were similar to those of Imipramine but less effective. Conclusions: D-004 showed moderate antidepressant effect. This fact could help in the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, who reported similar depressive status

Normalized embryoid cDNA library of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) / Biblioteca ADNc normalizada de embrioides en aceite de palma (Elaeis guineensis)

A normalized embryoid cDNA library (EON) was constructed based on reassociation kinetics reaction. Results from dot blot hybridization and sequencing of EON cDNA clones clearly indicated that the normalization process reduced the frequency of high abundance transcripts and increased the frequency of low abundance gene transcripts. A total of 553 non-redundant expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified, 325 of these were not observed in the standard oil palm cDNA libraries sequenced previously. A total of 10 EON cDNA clones were chosen for expression profiling across samples from different stages of the tissue culture process. Two of the genes exhibited promising expression patterns for predicting the embryogenic potential in callus. Some of these genes were also differentially expressed in the various tissues of oil palm. This study showed that normalization of the existing embryoid library improved the chances of identifying transcripts not captured in the standard libraries, some of which could be associated with embryogenesis. This collection of ESTs is particularly well suited for use as candidate genes for development of an oil palm DNA chip, which can be used to obtain a more comprehensive view of the molecular mechanism associated with oil palm tissue culture.

PCR-based DGGE and FISH analysis of methanogens in an anaerobic closed digester tank for treating palm oil mill effluent

16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-targeted fluorescent in situ hybridization combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-cloning, light microscopy using Gram stains, scanning electron microscopy and denatured gradient gel electrophoresis were used to reveal the distribution of methanogens within an anaerobic closed digester tank fed with palm oil mill effluent. For specific detection of methanogens, 16S rRNA-cloning analysis was conducted followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for presumptive identification of methanogens. To cover the drawbacks of the PCR-cloning study, the organization of the microorganisms was visualized in the activated sludge sample by using fluorescent oligonucleotide probes specific to several different methanogens, and a probe for bacteria. In situ hybridization with methanogens and bacterial probes and denatured gradient gel electrophoresis within activated sludge clearly confirmed the presence of Methanosaeta sp. and Methanosarcina sp. cells. Methanosaeta concilii was found to be the dominant species in the bioreactor. These results revealed the presence of possibly new strain of Methanosaeta in the bioreactor for treating palm oil mill effluent called Methanosaeta concilii SamaliEB (Gene bank accession number: EU580025). In addition, fluorescent hybridization pictured the close association between the methanogens and bacteria and that the number of methanogens was greater than the number of bacteria.

Caracterización preliminar del aceite obtenido del fruto completo de Roystonea regia (Kunth) O F Cook / Preliminary characterization of the oil from the whole fruit of Roystonea regia (Kunth) O F Cook

Introducción: el aceite de la palma real cubana, Roystonea regia (Kunth) O F Cook, tiene perspectivas de aplicación como materia prima, en la industria farmacéutica cubana. Objetivos: caracterizar el aceite de palma real cubana y estudiar su composición de ácidos grasos. Métodos: se emplearon métodos oficiales descritos en la USP 27. La composición de ácidos grasos se determinó mediante cromatografía de gases. Resultados: la densidad relativa estuvo entre 0,874 y 0,970 g/mL; el índice de refracción entre 1,454 y 1,463; el índice de saponificación entre 190,0 y 221,8; el índice de acidez entre 5,2 y 26,4; el índice de yodo entre 49,2 y 55,8; y el contenido de material no saponificable entre 2,0 y 13,4 por ciento. El total de ácidos grasos en los aceites analizados varió entre 74,4 y 89,4 por ciento. La composición de ácidos grasos, normalizada 100 por ciento, estuvo dada por las concentraciones siguientes: C8:0 y C10:0 (0,1-0,9 por ciento); C12:0 (17,9-27,8 por ciento); C14:0 (9,3-12,7 por ciento); C16:0 (9,3-15,0 por ciento); C16:1 (0,1-0,6 por ciento); C18:0 (2,5-3,7 por ciento); C18:1 (27,3-37,3 por ciento); C18:2 (12,8-17,4 por ciento); y C18:3 (0,1-0,5`por ciento). CONCLUSIONES: se estudiaron algunas de las características físicas y químicas del aceite obtenido de los frutos enteros de R regia.

Introduction: the Cuban royal palm tree oil, Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook, has possibilities to be used as raw material in the Cuban pharmaceutical industry. Objectives: to characterize the Cuban royal palm tree oil and to study its fatty acid composition. Methods: the official methods described in USP 27 were used and the composition of fatty acids was estimated by gas chromatography. Results: relative density was 0.874 - 0.970 g/mL; refraction index 1.454 - 1.463; the saponification index ranged 190.0 to 221.8; the acidity index ranged 5.2 to 26.4; iodine index was 49.2 to 55.8; and the contents of non-saponificable material ranged 2.0 to 13.4 percent. The total of fatty acids in the analyzed oils varied from 74.4 to 89.4 percent. The composition of fatty acids standardized at 100 percent was given by the following concentrations: C8:0 y C10:0 (0.1-0.9 percent); C12:0 (17.9-27.8 percent); C14:0 (9.3-12.7 percent); C16:0 (9.3-15.0 percent); C16:1 (0.1-0.6 percent); C18:0 (2.5-3.7 percent); C18:1 (27.3-37.3 percent); C18:2 (12.8-17.4 percent); y C18:3 (0.1-0.5 percent). CONCLUSIONS: some of the physical and chemical characteristics of R. regia fruit oil were studied in this paper.

Efecto del consumo de aceite crudo de palma o maíz sobre la oxidación in vitro de la HDL plasmática de conejos / Effect of the consumption of raw oil of palm or corn on the oxidation in vitro of the plasmatic HDL of rabbits

Se investigó la susceptibilidad a la oxidación in vitro de las HDLs de conejos por acción del Cu2+. Los conejos fueron alimentados durante 3 meses con un suplemento de 10 de aceite crudo de palma o de maíz. Las HDLs aisladas por ultracentrifugación y dializadas se oxidaron con 10 µM de Cu2+, la generación de dienos conjugados se midió mediante análisis espectroscópico a 234 nm. La fase de retardo del grupo alimentado con aceite crudo de palma fue de 145 min con respecto a 94 min del grupo que recibió aceite de maíz (p< 0.05 por ciento). Se concluye que la ingesta de aceite de palma rico en carotenos y tocoferoles incrementó la protección contra las oxidaciones in vitro, de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de la HDL.